A Cadaveric Study of Incidence, Morphology, Phylogeny and Classification of Extensor Digitorum Brevis Manus.

Introduction: A rare type of variation of extensor muscles on the dorsum of hand is extensor digitorum brevis manus (EDBM).It is a small muscle rarely present on the dorsum of the hand which can be misinterpreted a pathological mass on the dorsum of the hand. Aim: Aim of the present cadaveric study is to observe the incidence, anatomical morphology of EDBM and to study its phylogenetic significance. Material and Methods: Present study was conducted on 32 adult human cadaveric hands of which 24 were of male and 8 were of female cadavers. Results: The EDBM was observed in one incidence (3.1%) of the specimens. EDBM was found to be between the tendons of extensor digitorum for index and middle fingers. It was of Anatomical variant type I. Conclusion: The knowledge of incidence and morphology of EDBM is of greater relevance in clinical practice to rule out any pathological mass on the dorsum of the hand.

Extra Hilar Branching of Renal Arteries: An Anatomical Study.

Introduction: The objective of this study was to observe the patterns of different arteries that supply the kidneys. The kidney has a segmental distribution of arteries. The kidneys are divided into five vascular segments. The arteries that arise from the aorta above or below the main renal artery and reach the hilum are called accessory renal arteries. They are persistent embryonic lateral splanchnic arteries. Accessory renal arteries may arise from the celiac or superior mesenteric arteries, near the bifurcation or from the common iliac arteries. The present study has attempted to find out accessory, and aberrant arteries to kidneys with review of literature. Materials and Methods: The study was done on 52 kidneys randomly selected from cadavers that were used for the purpose of teaching in the department of Anatomy at P.E.S Medical College. The kidneys were removed from the cadavers en-block with the arteries and veins intact. The renal artery was observed for its pattern of branching. Observations and Discussion: The pre-hilar branching pattern was absent only in six kidneys out of the 52 kidneys selected. The branches given before entering the hilum were either in the form of a fork pattern or a ladder pattern in the remaining 46 kidneys. The fork pattern wherein the branches arose from a single point was found in 42 kidneys. The ladder patterns were seen in two posterior segment arteries and two anterior segment arteries. The anterior division often showed the fork patterns which were either duplicate or triplicate outside the hilum more proximally, with further division into duplicate or triplicate terminal branches closer to the hilum but significantly outside.

Morphological Study of Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery In Human Cadavers.

Background: Medial circumflex femoral artery is an important branch of Profunda femoris artery. It is an important artery in supplying blood to the head and neck of the femur, the adductor muscles and form anastomosis around head of femur. So study of variation of medial circumflex femoral artery great value for surgeon and orthopaedic surgeries. Materials and Methods: The present study includes 102 lower limbs of adult formalin fixed human cadavers used for the routine dissection procedure for under graduate and post graduate students in the department of Anatomy, M.R. Medical College, KBN Medical college and H K E Homeopathic College, Gulbarga (India) during 2011-2014.The study was done by dissection method as per Cunningham’s manual of practical Anatomy. Result: In present study, we found that 25 extremities (25.49%) medial circumflex femoral artery was originated directly from femoral artery. In 10 extremities (9.80%) a common trunk was observed form medial circumflex femoral with femoral artery. Normal study was observed in 66 extremities (64.70%). Conclusion: In present study and other past studies we conclude that knowledge of variation in this artery is very important to preventing injury to vessels during surgical procedures around hip joint and also has important value in plastic surgery operations as the vascular pedicle of grafts such as the transverse upper gracilis (TUG) flap, medial thigh flap and medial circumflex femoral (gracilis) perforator free flap. During case of selective arteriography in ischaemic necrosis of the femoral head to know the arterial supply of the femoral head it is used.

Study of Lateral Circumflex Femoral Artery.

Background: Lateral circumflex femoral artery is a one of most important branch of Profunda femoris artery. It is an artery supplying blood to the head and neck of the femur and form anastomosis around upper part of femur. In many cases artery is useful for bypass surgery like aortopopliteal bypass, anterolateral thigh flap, coronary bypass surgery. Hence the knowledge of variations of artery and its branches are useful during operations such as total hip arthroplasty and other surgery to prevent haemorrhage and other complications. Methods: The present study includes 102 lower limbs of adult formalin fixed human cadavers used for the routine dissection procedure for under graduate and post graduate students in the department of Anatomy, M.R. Medical College, KBN Medical college and H K E Homeopathic College, Gulbarga during 2011-2014.The study was done by dissection method as per Cunningham’s manual of practical Anatomy. Results: The origin of lateral circumflex femoral artery from profunda femoral artery on lateral aspect was observed in 82 limbs (80.38%).Origin of lateral circumflex femoral artery from femoral artery having common stem with Profunda femoris artery were observed in 11 limbs (10.78%).Origin of lateral circumflex femoral artery from femoral artery were observed in 7 limbs (7.8%). Conclusion: Concluding and comparison of our study and past studies, all knowledge of the normal anatomy and variations of the site of origin and course of the LCF artery is not only surgical importance during vascular diagnostic intervention and surgeries but also helps in reducing the chances of intra-operative secondary haemorrhage and post-operative complications.

Hypolipidaemic and antioxidant effects of fruits of Musa AAA (Chenkadali) in alloxan induced diabetic rats.

Hypolipidaemic and antioxidant effects of ethanol extract of mature green fruits of Musa AAA (Chenkadali) was evaluated in alloxan induced diabetic rats. The effect of extract at two doses, 500 mg/kg body weight and 1000 mg/kg body weight was analysed and compared with a standard drug, glibenclamide. Rats administered with alloxan showed significantly increased levels of serum triacylglycerol, total cholesterol and alanine amino transferase (ALT) activity. Lipid peroxides increased significantly while reduced glutathione (GSH) decreased considerably in liver and pancreas. Oral administration of the ethanol extract of fruits of Musa AAA (Chenkadali) significantly decreased the levels of serum triacylglycerol, cholesterol and ALT activity. Significant decrease was also observed in the level of lipid peroxides while GSH content increased substantially in liver and pancreas. The effect was dose independent and rats treated with 500 mg/kg body weight showed comparable levels of serum triacylglycerol, cholesterol, ALT activity and liver lipid peroxides to that of normal control and glibenclamide treated groups. Although, there was no significant difference, treatment with 500 mg/kg body weight of the extract showed a higher content of GSH and lower level of lipid peroxides in pancreas compared with glibenclamide. Histopathological examination of pancreas and liver revealed regeneration of islet cells and hepatocytes respectively, which correlate with the biochemical findings. The present study shows that ethanol extract of mature green fruits of Musa AAA (Chenkadali) has antioxidant and hypolipidaemic properties and may be used for treating diabetes mellitus.

Protective effect of Piper longum Linn. on monosodium glutamate induced oxidative stress in rats.

Protective effect of ethanol extract of Piper longum Linn. against monosodium glutamate (MSG) induced toxicity was studied. Rats, orally administered with MSG at a dose of 8 mg/g body weight for 20 consecutive days, showed an increase in liver weight and rate of lipid peroxidation. Glutathione (GSH) in serum, liver and kidney showed decreased concentration. Significant increase was noticed in activities of serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST), levels of serum triacylglycerol, total cholesterol and urea. Histopathological examination of liver and kidney showed central venous congestion, diffuse degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes in para cortical and midzonal areas of liver and diffuse cortical tubular degeneration of kidney. Oral administration of ethanol extract of P. longum fruits at 300 mg/kg body weight along with MSG significantly reduced the levels of lipid peroxides in serum, liver and kidney, serum AST activity, serum levels of triacylglycerol and total cholesterol. Though, there was an increase in the level of GSH in tissues it was not significant. However, the treatment failed to reduce the levels of ALT and urea. Examination of tissue sections also exhibited normal histological architecture of both the organs. The present study revealed that administration of P. longum provided significant protection to liver and kidney from the oxidative stress of MSG, though the dose rate was not sufficient to provide a complete protection.

Identification of novel indigenous Bacillus thuringiensis isolates.

Internally Transcribed Spacers (ITS) characterization and distribution of Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic (REP) sequences were studied in the genome of 223 field isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis from Madurai, India. They were characterized by morphological, biochemical and molecular methods. One hundred and twenty four of a total 223 isolates fitted ITS characterization of B. thuringiensis varieties known. Significant genomic variation was observed among seven isolates using REP primers. The ITS PCR product (EMBL accession number AJ639659) exhibited 98% nucleotide sequence homology with B. thuringiensis and placed the origin of indigenous isolate LDC-7 closer to B. thuringiensis on the basis of phylogenetic analysis.

A rare variation of deep femoral vein.

Venous pattern particularly in the lower limbs is of great clinical importance, while ligating the veins to prevent the spread of thrombus. Normally deep femoral vein drains the area supplied by profunda femoris artery, follows the pattern of branches of this artery and ends independently into the femoral vein. However in few cases it establishes communication with popliteal vein of femoral vein at a lower level. In the present study the deep femoral vein replaced most of the popliteal vein by establishing communication with the tibial veins.